A Guide to Self-Leveling for Tile Contractors

Self-leveling is a crucial step in achieving a smooth and stable surface for flooring installation. It can be an intimidating idea if you haven’t yet had an opportunity to attempt it on your jobsite. For professional tile contractors, mastering this process ensures a high-quality finish and long-lasting results. This guide provides step-by-step instructions on preparing substrates, selecting materials, and applying self-leveling compounds effectively.

1. Preparing the Substrate

Proper preparation of the substrate is essential for a successful self-leveling application. Follow these steps:

• Identify the Substrate: Determine whether you are working over concrete, plywood, gypcrete, or another material. Consider whether the area is conditioned space or has exposure to dirt or a crawlspace.

• Clean the Surface: Ensure the substrate is free of debris, dust, and bond breakers. Thorough cleaning is vital for good adhesion.

• Seal Penetrations and Gaps: Address any holes, gaps, or penetrations to prevent the self-leveler from escaping. Use spray foam around perimeters, skim patch for plywood subfloors, and caulking around plumbing fixtures and pipes.

• Prime the Substrate: Always apply a primer appropriate for the substrate. For porous surfaces, use a suitable primer and apply it with a soft bristle push broom to ensure it penetrates into the pores and removes any remaining dirt. For non-porous surfaces like epoxy or vinyl, use a non-porous primer. Allow the primer to dry completely before proceeding.
  Tip: To check if the primer is dry, place a drop of water on the primer and swirl it with your finger. If the water turns milky, the primer is not dry. If it remains clear, it’s ready for the self-leveler.

2. Tools for Self-Leveling

Using the right tools is crucial for efficient and effective self-leveling:

• Mixing Station: Capable of mixing a minimum of 2 bags at a time. The more power and portability the better. Bihui Tools Leveling Compound Mixing Station
• Hepa Vac with Auto Clean Function: Dust control is essential for jobsite cleanliness and your health when working with self-leveling underlayments.  Fein Turbo II X Auto-Clean HEPA Dust Extractor with Accessories
• Self-Leveling Pins: A gauge for the depth of your pour. Kraft Tool Self-Leveling Pins (100 Pack)
• Gauge Rakes: Essential for spreading and leveling the self-leveling compound.  Kraft Tool 24" Gauge Rake Pro Head
• Smoothers: Break surface tension after applying the leveler to ensure a smooth finish. Kraft Tool 24" Wood Frame Stainless Steel Smoother with Threaded Bracket
• Spike Rollers: Help to release trapped air bubbles and achieve an even surface.  Kraft Tool 18" Standard Spike Roller with Frame

3. Mixing and Installation

For optimal results during mixing and installation:

• Team Requirements: At least four people are recommended for a job of significant size. Two should focus on opening bags and mixing, while the remaining team members handle pouring, gauging, and smoothing.

• Mixing Station: Set up your mixing station close to the pouring area but out of the way. Cut open bags of self-leveler and keep them upright for easy dumping. Ensure access to a water source that stays cool, as hot water can reduce working time. Store bags away from direct sunlight to avoid premature setting.

• Spreading: 

• Gauge the Material: Pour the mixed self-leveler onto the substrate and use a gauge rake to distribute it evenly. The gauge rake helps move the material, control the thickness and ensures full coverage across the floor.

• Smooth the Surface: After spreading, use a smoother to address the surface tension of the leveler. Initially, the leveler will behave like a drop of water on a tabletop, remaining tense and unsettled. Running the smoother over the surface will help release this tension, allowing the leveler to relax and settle into a smooth, even finish.

• Blend Pours: You generally have a 10-15 minute window with most self-leveling underlayments to gauge and smooth the material before it begins to set. Work swiftly to blend different pours together to create a seamless surface. If the material starts to set, avoid disturbing it to prevent creating a rough or uneven surface.

• Cure Time: Most self-levelers have a cure time of 3 to 4 hours, depending on the climate. Allow for appropriate curing times before walking on the surface. For ceramic or porcelain tiles, wait 6 to 8 hours. For moisture-sensitive materials like stone or vinyl, wait 12 to 24 hours.

4. Selecting the Right Self-Leveler

Choose the self-leveling compound based on:

• Jobsite Conditions: Consider the depth of the pour and substrate type.

• Product Specifications: Not all levelers are the same. Some can handle deeper pours others, feather edges. Make certain of the thickness you are limited to, or what you need to achieve. Always check if the product is suitable for use over plywood or concrete and confirm your substrate.

5. Understanding Product Requirements

Every self-leveling compound requires a primer or a liquid component. Review the technical data sheet on the company website or app for the specific product to understand its requirements and application procedures.

Mastering the surface preparation process is key to achieving a high-quality tile installation. By following these detailed steps and using the right tools and materials, tile contractors can ensure a smooth, stable surface that enhances the longevity and appearance of the finished flooring. Stay informed about product specifications and keep refining your techniques to maintain excellence in your work.